Gimbal Protocol (v2)

This version is marked as work-in-progress. This means that it is still subject to change.

This version supersedes Gimbal Protocol v1

Introduction

The gimbal protocol allows MAVLink control over the attitude/orientation of cameras (or other sensors) mounted on the drone. The orientation can be: controlled by the pilot in real time (e.g. using a joystick from a ground station), set as part of a mission, or moved based on camera tracking.

The protocol also defines what status information is published for developers, configurators, as well as users of the drone. It additionally provides ways to assign control to different sources.

The protocol supports a number of hardware setups, and enables gimbals with varying capabilities.

The original protocol design document can be found here.

Concepts

Gimbal Manager and Gimbal Device

To accommodate gimbals with varying capabilities, and various hardware setups, "a gimbal" is conceptually split into two parts:

  • Gimbal Device: the actual gimbal device, hardware and software.
  • Gimbal Manager: software to deconflict gimbal messages and commands from different sources, and to abstract the capabilities of the Gimbal Device from gimbal users.

The Gimbal Manager and Gimbal Device expose respective message sets that can be used for: gimbal manager/device discovery, querying capabilities, publishing status, and various types of orientation/attitude control.

The key concept to understand is that a Gimbal Manager has a 1:1 relationship with a particular Gimbal Device, and is the only party on the MAVLink network that is allowed to directly command that device - it does so using the Gimbal Device message set.

The Gimbal Device must act only upon messages that come from the associated Gimbal Manager! The device will however broadcast its status to all parties on the network (not just its manager).

MAVLink applications (ground stations, developer APIs like the MAVSDK, etc.), and any other software that wants to control a particular gimbal, must do so via its Gimbal Manager, using the Gimbal Manager message set.

Note that the gimbal manager is (by default) implemented on the autopilot.

Common Set-ups

This section outlines the three most common hardware set-ups.

Simple Gimbal Directly Connected to Autopilot

In this (default) set-up the autopilot takes the role of the gimbal manager.

Standalone Integrated Camera/Gimbal

In this set-up the integrated camera/gimbal itself can be the Gimbal Manager.

Therefore, the gimbal device interface is internal (no implementation is required).

Onboard Computer with Camera and Gimbal Connected to Autopilot

In this set-up the Gimbal Manager can be on the onboard computer.

Commands from the GCS (etc.) are sent to the Gimbal Manager on the companion computer. Messages from the Gimbal Manager to the Gimbal Device need to be sent to/routed through the autopilot.

Multiple Gimbals

Multiple gimbals per drone are supported.

Component IDs

Multiple component IDs are reserved for gimbal devices: MAV_COMP_ID_GIMBAL, MAV_COMP_ID_GIMBAL2, MAV_COMP_ID_GIMBAL3, MAV_COMP_ID_GIMBAL4, MAV_COMP_ID_GIMBAL5, MAV_COMP_ID_GIMBAL6.

The listed component IDs should be used where possible (other ids may be used as long as the MAV_TYPE is correctly set to MAV_TYPE_GIMBAL).

Mapping from Gimbal Managers to Gimbal Devices

Every Gimbal Manager must to publish its associated Gimbal Device (there is a 1:1 relationship) in its GIMBAL_MANAGER_INFORMATION message.

A particular MAVLink component can implement multiple gimbal managers (e.g. an autopilot can implement two gimbal managers in order to control two gimbal devices).

A gimbal manager can "manage" MAVLink gimbal devices as well as non-MAVLink gimbals such as a gimbal connected with proprietary or custom interface such as PWM or SBUS. A non-MAVLink gimbal is signalled and addressed using 1 to 6 as the gimbal_device_id instead of the MAVLink component ID.

Addressing of Gimbal MAVLink Devices

Gimbal Manager commands and messages have a param field to indicate the component ID of the Gimbal Device that they intend to control.

A system that wants to control a particular gimbal device will send messages to the component that has the manager(s), specifying the particular device to be controlled.

If all gimbal devices should be controlled (on the component that has the gimbal managers), this param/field can be set to 0 (signalling "all").

Non-MAVLink gimbal devices are gimbals that don't expose the MAVLink API, but instead are connected to the gimbal manager using some other protocol. For instance, this could be a PWM gimbal connected to an autopilot.

For these cases, there needs to be a way to address such a gimbal specifically, and a way to send out the GIMBAL_DEVICE_ messages, so that they can re mapped back to the respective gimbal manager.

The solution chosen for this case is to use the numbers 1 to 6 as magic numbers for the gimbal_device_id. This means that the numbers 1 to 6 can't be used as MAVLink component IDs for any components involved as gimbal managers or gimbal devices.

  • A gimbal manager advertises that it implements the gimbal device "itself" by setting gimbal_device_id to 1 to 6. It will also send out the requested gimbal device messages from the same component ID. It will set the field in gimbal_device_id of GIMBAL_DEVICE_ATTITUDE_STATUS.

  • A ground station addresses a gimbal device by sending commands to the gimbal manager and specifying the gimbal_device_id 1 to 6.

Implementation and Messages

Messages between Ground Station and Gimbal Manager

Discovery of Gimbal Manager

A ground station should initially discover all gimbal managers by sending a broadcast MAV_CMD_REQUEST_MESSAGE for GIMBAL_MANAGER_INFORMATION. Every gimbal manager should respond with GIMBAL_MANAGER_INFORMATION.

The GIMBAL_MANAGER_INFORMATION contains important information such as gimbal capabilities (GIMBAL_MANAGER_CAP_FLAGS), maximum angles and angle rates, as well as the gimbal_component which is the component ID of the Gimbal Device controlled by this Gimbal Manager.

Gimbal Manager Status

A Gimbal Manager should send out GIMBAL_MANAGER_STATUS at a low regular rate (e.g. 5 Hz) to inform the ground station about its status.

Starting / Configuring Gimbal Control

It is possible for multiple components to want to control a gimbal at the same time, e.g.: a ground station, a companion computer, or the autopilot running a mission.

In order to start controlling a gimbal, a component first needs to send the MAV_CMD_DO_GIMBAL_MANAGER_CONFIGURE command. This allows setting which MAVLink component (set by system ID and component ID) is in primary control and which one is in secondary control. The gimbal manager is to ignore any gimbal controls which come from MAVLink components that are not explicity set to "in control". This should prevent conflicts between various inputs as long as all components are fair/co-operative when using the configure command.

To be co-operative entails the following rules:

  • Don't send the configure manager configure command continuously but only once to initiate and once to stop control again.
  • Check the GIMBAL_MANAGER_STATUS about who is in control first and - if possible - warn user about planned action. For example, if the autopilot is in control of the gimbal as part of a mission, the ground station should ask the user first (i.e. via a pop-up) if they really want to take over manual control.
  • Don't forget to release control when an action/task is finished and set the sysid/compid to 0.

It is possible to assign control to another component too, not just to itself. For example, a smart shot running on a companion computer can set itself to be in primary control but assign a ground station for secondary control to e.g. nudge during the smart shot.

Note The implementation of how primary and secondary control are combined or mixed is not defined by the protocol but up to the implementation. This allows flexibility for different use cases.

A ground station can manually control a gimbal by sending GIMBAL_MANAGER_SET_MANUAL_CONTROL. This allows controlling the gimbal with either angles, or angular rates, using a normalized unit (-1..1). The gimbal device is responsible for translating the input based on angle, speed, and "smoothness" settings.

This input can additionally be scaled by the gimbal manager depending on its state. For example, if the gimbal manager is on a camera and knows the current zoom level / focal length of the camera, it can scale the angular rate down to support smooth paning and tilting.

A ground station, companion computer, or other MAVLink component can set the gimbal angle and/or angular rates using the messages GIMBAL_MANAGER_SET_ATTITUDE or GIMBAL_MANAGER_SET_PITCHYAW.

Messages between Gimbal Manager and Gimbal Device

Discovery of Gimbal Device

The MAVlink node where the Gimbal Manager is implemented needs to discover Gimbal Devices by sending a broadcast MAV_CMD_REQUEST_MESSAGE for GIMBAL_DEVICE_INFORMATION. Every gimbal device should respond with GIMBAL_DEVICE_INFORMATION.

The MAVLink node should then create as many Gimbal Manager instances as Gimbal Devices found.

Control of a Gimbal Device

To control the angle and/or angular rate of the Gimbal Device, use the message GIMBAL_DEVICE_SET_ATTITUDE. If the gimbal manager has multiple gimbal control inputs available it should deconflict them as explained below.

Autopilot State for Gimbal Device

The autopilot should also send the message AUTOPILOT_STATE_FOR_GIMBAL_DEVICE to the gimbal device. This data is required by the Gimbal Device attitude estimator (horizon compensation), as well as to anticipate the vehicle's movements (e.g. the feed forward angular velocity in z-axis, so the current yaw intention).

Gimbal Device Broadcast/Status Messages

The gimbal device should send out its attitude and status in GIMBAL_DEVICE_ATTITUDE_STATUS at a regular rate, e.g. 10 Hz.

This message is a meant as broadcast, so it's set to the GCS, Gimbal Manager, and all parties on the network (not just Gimbal Manager, like all other messages).

Custom Gimbal Device Settings

Custom gimbal settings can be accomplished using the component information microservice which is based on a component information file (this is similar to the camera definition file).

FAQ

How to set the System ID of a gimbal device?

The system ID of all components (e.g. autopilot, companion computer, camera, gimbal) on a drone/system must be the same. This needs to be either done manually by configuration, or alternatively, the components need to listen to the heartbeat of the autopilot and then adjust their system ID accordingly.

When is Gimbal Device also a Gimbal Manager?

The default case should be to use the Gimbal Manager in the autopilot. The only exception to this are integrated solutions containing a camera and gimbal for functionality like visual tracking.

How to test Gimbal Device?

A Gimbal Device can be tested by connecting it to an autopilot with a Gimbal Manager. To avoid having to do a full setup including autopilot, a direct test using MAVSDK is available.

Gimbals that use the (old) Gimbal Protocol v1 should still be supported by autopilot software. Basically, the Gimbal Manager needs to translate the commands to the old protocol.

Gimbals controlled using a protocol like PPM, PWM, SBUS or something proprietary can still be supported. The autopilot will have to act as the Gimbal Manager and provide the driver and translation to the respective protocol.

The autopilot needs to be configured to either accept MAVLink input (so GIMBAL_MANAGER_SET_MANUAL_CONTROL) or RC control. In both cases, the autopilot can then calculate a gimbal angle or angular rate from the manual control input and send the resulting setpoint to the gimbal device.

For RC control, the channels will have to be manually mapped/configured to control the gimbal. This is the same approach as is used for managing the input source for flying; it is up to the implementation to select either RC or MAVLink. The recommendation is to make it configurable using (for instance) a parameter.

A non-MAVLink gimbal needs to be connected to a gimbal manager, which then takes care of sending the gimbal device messages. Since a non-MAVLink gimbal can't be addressed with a MAVLink component ID, the gimbal_device_id needs to be set to one of the magic values (1 to 6). This signals that the gimbal manager also is also acting as the gimbal device.

Also see how to address non-MAVLink gimbal devices.

How to interpret GIMBAL_DEVICE_ATTITUDE_STATUS yaw gimbal angle

The GIMBAL_DEVICE_ATTITUDE_STATUS.flags field must report the frame used for reported yaw values as either:

  • GIMBAL_DEVICE_FLAGS_YAW_IN_VEHICLE_FRAME: Yaw is relative to vehicle.
  • GIMBAL_DEVICE_FLAGS_YAW_IN_EARTH_FRAME: Yaw is relative to north.

For older devices, if neither of the flags above are set, the yaw frame must be inferred from the GIMBAL_DEVICE_FLAGS_YAW_LOCK. If it is set, the yaw is relative to North, otherwise to the front of the vehicle.

Manufacturers working on new gimbal devices should set either GIMBAL_DEVICE_FLAGS_YAW_IN_VEHICLE_FRAME or GIMBAL_DEVICE_FLAGS_YAW_IN_EARTH_FRAME. Components recieving the message should also handle GIMBAL_DEVICE_FLAGS_YAW_LOCK for backwards compatibility with older devices.

Message/Command/Enum Summary

Gimbal Manager Messages

This is the set of messages/enums for communicating with the gimbal manager (by ground station, autopilot, etc.).

MessageDescription
GIMBAL_MANAGER_INFORMATIONInformation about a high level gimbal manager. This message should be requested by a ground station using MAV_CMD_REQUEST_MESSAGE.
GIMBAL_MANAGER_STATUSCurrent status about a high level gimbal manager. This message should be broadcast at a low regular rate (e.g. 5Hz).
GIMBAL_MANAGER_SET_ATTITUDEHigh level message to control a gimbal's attitude. This message is to be sent to the gimbal manager (e.g. from a ground station).
GIMBAL_MANAGER_SET_MANUAL_CONTROLHigh level message to control a gimbal manually, so without units. The actual angles or angular rates will be produced by the gimbal manager based on settings. This message is to be sent to the gimbal manager (e.g. from a ground station). Angles and rates can be set to NaN according to use case.
GIMBAL_MANAGER_SET_PITCHYAWHigh level message to control a gimbal's pitch and yaw angles. This message is to be sent to the gimbal manager (e.g. from a ground station). Angles and rates can be set to NaN according to use case.
CommandDescription
MAV_CMD_REQUEST_MESSAGERequest the target system(s) emit a single instance of a specified message. This is used to request GIMBAL_MANAGER_INFORMATION.
MAV_CMD_DO_GIMBAL_MANAGER_CONFIGUREGimbal configuration to set which sysid/compid is in primary and secondary control.
MAV_CMD_DO_GIMBAL_MANAGER_PITCHYAWHigh level setpoint to be sent to a gimbal manager to set a gimbal attitude. Note: a gimbal is never to react to this command but only the gimbal manager.
MAV_CMD_DO_SET_ROI_LOCATIONSets the region of interest (ROI) to a location. This can then be used by the vehicle's control system to control the vehicle attitude and the attitude of various sensors such as cameras. This command can be sent to a gimbal manager but not to a gimbal device. A gimbal is not to react to this message.
MAV_CMD_DO_SET_ROI_WPNEXT_OFFSETSets the region of interest (ROI) to be toward next waypoint, with optional pitch/roll/yaw offset. This can then be used by the vehicle's control system to control the vehicle attitude and the attitude of various sensors such as cameras. This command can be sent to a gimbal manager but not to a gimbal device. A gimbal device is not to react to this message.
MAV_CMD_DO_SET_ROI_SYSIDMount tracks system with specified system ID. Determination of target vehicle position may be done with GLOBAL_POSITION_INT or any other means. This command can be sent to a gimbal manager but not to a gimbal device. A gimbal device is not to react to this message.
MAV_CMD_DO_SET_ROI_NONECancels any previous ROI command returning the vehicle/sensors to default flight characteristics. This can then be used by the vehicle's control system to control the vehicle attitude and the attitude of various sensors such as cameras. This command can be sent to a gimbal manager but not to a gimbal device. A gimbal device is not to react to this message. After this command the gimbal manager should go back to manual input if available, and otherwise assume a neutral position.
MAV_CMD_DO_GIMBAL_MANAGER_TRACK_POINTIf the gimbal manager supports visual tracking (GIMBAL_MANAGER_CAP_FLAGS_HAS_TRACKING_POINT is set), this command allows to initiate the tracking. Such a tracking gimbal manager would usually be an integrated camera/gimbal, or alternatively a companion computer connected to a camera.
MAV_CMD_DO_GIMBAL_MANAGER_TRACK_RECTANGLEIf the gimbal supports visual tracking (GIMBAL_MANAGER_CAP_FLAGS_HAS_TRACKING_RECTANGLE is set), this command allows to initiate the tracking. Such a tracking gimbal manager would usually be an integrated camera/gimbal, or alternatively a companion computer connected to a camera.
EnumDescription
GIMBAL_MANAGER_FLAGSFlags for high level gimbal manager operation.
The first 16 bytes are identical to the GIMBAL_DEVICE_FLAGS. Used in MAV_CMD_DO_GIMBAL_MANAGER_PITCHYAW, GIMBAL_MANAGER_STATUS , GIMBAL_MANAGER_SET_ATTITUDE.
GIMBAL_MANAGER_CAP_FLAGSGimbal manager high level capability flags (bitmap).
The first 16 bits are identical to the GIMBAL_DEVICE_CAP_FLAGS which are identical with GIMBAL_DEVICE_FLAGS. However, the gimbal manager does not need to copy the flags from the gimbal but can also enhance the capabilities and thus add flags. Used in GIMBAL_MANAGER_INFORMATION

Gimbal Device Messages

This is the set of messages/enums for communication between gimbal manager and gimbal device.

MessageDescription
GIMBAL_DEVICE_INFORMATIONInformation about a low level gimbal. This message should be requested by the gimbal manager or a ground station using MAV_CMD_REQUEST_MESSAGE.
GIMBAL_DEVICE_SET_ATTITUDELow level message to control a gimbal device's attitude. This message is to be sent from the gimbal manager to the gimbal device component. Angles and rates can be set to NaN according to use case.
GIMBAL_DEVICE_ATTITUDE_STATUSMessage reporting the status of a gimbal device. This message should be broadcasted by a gimbal device component.
CommandDescription
MAV_CMD_REQUEST_MESSAGERequest the target system(s) emit a single instance of a specified message. This is used to request GIMBAL_DEVICE_INFORMATION.
EnumDescription
GIMBAL_DEVICE_CAP_FLAGSGimbal device (low level) capability flags (bitmap).
Used in GIMBAL_DEVICE_INFORMATION.
GIMBAL_DEVICE_FLAGSFlags for gimbal device (lower level) operation.
Used in GIMBAL_DEVICE_ATTITUDE_STATUS and GIMBAL_DEVICE_SET_ATTITUDE.
GIMBAL_DEVICE_ERROR_FLAGSGimbal device (low level) error flags (bitmap, 0 means no error).
Used in GIMBAL_DEVICE_ATTITUDE_STATUS.

Sequences

Depicted below are message sequences for some common scenarious.

Discovery

This shows a possible sequence on startup. Note that the gimbal manager could already discover the gimbal device before the ground station asks for the information.

Normal Manual Control

During the normal manual control, all messages are streamed at a regular rate. Note that GIMBAL_DEVICE_ATTITUDE_STATUS is broadcast to anyone, so to the gimbal manager and also the ground station.

ROI Initiated from Ground Station

ROI can be started using a command and should also be stopped again with a command. The ROI command is translated to a gimbal attitude in the the gimbal manager.

Attitude Set During Mission

In this case the gimbal manager is implemented by the autopilot which "sends" the attitude command (for instance for a survey).

How to Implement the Gimbal Device Interface

Below is a short summary of all messages that a gimbal device should implement.

A Gimbal Device can be tested by connecting it to an autopilot with a Gimbal Manager. To avoid having to do a full setup including autopilot, a direct test using MAVSDK is available.

Messages to Send

The messages listed should be broadcast on the network/on all connections (sent to everyone).

HEARTBEAT

Heartbeats should always be sent (usually at 1 Hz).

Gimbals that set their sysid from the autopilot will need to wait for the autopilot's heartbeat before emitting their own (note that if the gimbal can receive heartbeats from multiple autopilots then the sysid must be explicitly/statically configured).

  • sysid: the same sysid as the autopilot (this can either be done by configuration, or by listening to the autopilot's heartbeat first and then copying the sysid, default: 1)
  • compid: MAV_COMP_ID_GIMBAL
  • type: MAV_TYPE_GIMBAL
  • autopilot: MAV_AUTOPILOT_INVALID
  • base_mode: 0
  • custom_mode: 0
  • system_status: MAV_STATE_UNINIT

GIMBAL_DEVICE_ATTITUDE_STATUS

The gimbal device should send out its attitude status at a regular rate, e.g. 10 Hz. The fields target_system and target_component can be set to 0 (broadcast) by default.

GIMBAL_DEVICE_INFORMATION

The static information about the gimbal device needs to be sent out when requested using MAV_CMD_REQUEST_MESSAGE.

Messages to Listen To/Handle

GIMBAL_DEVICE_SET_ATTITUDE

This is the actual attitude setpoint that the gimbal device should follow. Note that the frame of the quaternion setpoint depends on the GIMBAL_DEVICE_FLAGS.

AUTOPILOT_STATE_FOR_GIMBAL_DEVICE

The gimbal device should be able to get all the information from the autopilot that it requires in this one message. If something is missing that should be streamed at a high rate, it should be added to this message.

If this message is not sent by default by the autopilot, or the rate is not ok, the command MAV_CMD_SET_MESSAGE_INTERVAL can be used to request it at a certain rate.

COMMAND_LONG

The gimbal device needs to check for commands. See below which commands should get answered.

Commands to Answer

MAV_CMD_REQUEST_MESSAGE

The gimbal device should send out messages when they get requested, e.g. GIMBAL_DEVICE_INFORMATION.

MAV_CMD_SET_MESSAGE_INTERVAL

The gimbal device should stream messages at the rate requested.

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